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City, community and gift civilization
——Taking Xunzi’s theory of thinking as the center
Author: Lin Guizhen
Source: Author Authorized Confucian Network Published
The first academic seminar on “Greeting Civilization and Urbanization”
Time: Confucius was in the 2570s and the seventh day of the sixth month of the Gengzi period, Xinwei
Cities with the central location, sacrificial field or market have been the pioneers of human civilization since ancient times. Urban biomass is the most active, effective, material, energy-generating and transportation social group, and is also the most dense community venue. Human society has gradually developed from a small village-style community with reproduction and family as the core to a city with Caring womenIndustrial and commercial trade as the core href=”https://twsweetsugar99.org/”>Inclusive and inclusive community, and even now develop into a high-level urban community with science and technology and civilization, finance and logistics as the core. This is the inevitable and fruitfulness of human progress and development. A city or city can be said to be the center of human civilization; the number of urbanization and the quality of life of cities represent the most active and advanced human society and the quality of life [①].
1. Community and gifts.
The concept of “communnursingity” emphasizes the development of a unified body, and the concept of “sociality” emphasizes the development of interactive relationships, which are both European concepts that emerged in modern times. The word “social” in Han Dynasty has been around since ancient times, and it has been seen in many Tang and Song dynasties. It originally refers to social festivals, gatherings and gatherings derived from social festivals, and social Japanese. Modern Japanese (Japanese) scholars have begun to use to express the “social (social)” in social science. 1897, the ancient city of Japan (Japan) translated “Online”The article “Social” says: “Social is called “social” that is formed by pursuing the word “social” is not a familiar word used in ancient times, but the reality of society has existed since ancient times.” (“Times News” No. 17) [②] Sociology, which studied society, was finally translated into “group learning”, was proposed by Xunzi’s “group governance” theory.
Because the biostructure of all human communities is based on independent individuals, the conflict between individuals and others or society is always the most fundamental problem of the community or society, so the difficulty of mass living or group governance in human relations is a humane necessity. Zhang Dainian’s brother Zhang Shenfu has said that social communities are composed of individuals, so the differences or contradictions within social communities are certain: “Natural and people, individuals and groups: what matters in thinking about things are divided, life problems are as follows. … Society is formed by the relationship between people and people… There are many things in the whole country. Groups and themselves, few and many, are always the focus of social problems. To solve this problem by Integrity It is better to follow the humanistic and review the group system… The most basic problem of society lies in the group and oneself. The most basic problem of learning lies in the whole and the division. “[③] Therefore, Xunzi said: “The nature of the ancients was born with favorable benefits, so they were born with rebelliousness and destruction; they were born with illness and evil, Therefore, the loyalty and faithfulness are destroyed; the desires of people and the desires of others are born, and the eloquence of others are born, and the morality of the text is destroyed. However, from the nature of a person and the feelings of a person must come from conflict, in accordance with the principle of disputes, and in accordance with the principle of division and division, and in pursuit of violence. Therefore, there must be the transformation of the law and the way of offering power, and then the practice of conspiracy, in accordance with the principle of literature and reason, and in accordance with the principle of governance. ”
1. The fundamental use of gifts. Xunzi also said, “Where does the gift arise? He said: People are born with desires, but they cannot get it, but they cannot seek it; seeking without any boundaries, but they cannot fight; fighting is a chaotic one, but they are chaotic. The ancient kings were worried about the troubles, so they set up gifts to divide them to nourish people’s desires and give them their desires, so that desires will not be destroyed by things, and things will not be equal to desires. The two are confronted and long, which isBaobao.com dcardThe gift is born. Therefore, gift is nourishing. …Who knows why the husband is born in the destiny, who knows why the husband pays money, who knows why the husband respects and keeps peace, who knows why the husband’s moral character and literature are nourishing emotions… There are three books: Liuhe is the foundation of life; ancestors are the foundation of genitals; kings and teachers are the foundation of governance. Without Liuhe, they are the foundation of ruling. Born? No ancestors, no evil comes out? No kings and teachers, no evil will be punished? The three are partially destroyed, and there is no peace for people. Therefore, the emperor serves the heavens, the earth serves the earth, respects the ancestors, and relies on the kings and teachers. These are the three books of the ceremony. “
Therefore, Mendes said in the “Fa Yi” of “The Idea”: “The sages of the Chinese people have the most important prayer to establish a king, saying that only my country is safe and ruling.” He also said: “And what the Chinese political families do is not only this, but they are in accordance with the four types of religion, codes, rituals, and customs. All this isThey are all about being familiar with each other, and they are all about being familiar with each other. It is always the science of four, and one word is called “Tao”. “(Seriously translated this volume 19, Chapter 16-17) This chapter says in Taiyan’s “Review”: “Tao is a common name for the French style, which is different from the official system, criminal law, and ritual style. “The Ming of Confucius” in Lin Yutang said: “If you only use the word ‘英’ as a gift or a classic lecture, it would be a big mistake. ”[④] “The word ‘Greeting’ can also be said to be a social order and ordinary social customs. ”[⑤] “It is easy to see that the meaning of ‘gift’ includes social traditions of social order, social norms, and classical gifts. “The meaning of the middle concept of the Confucian word “花” can be explained as follows: religious interpretation; social order principles; perceptual feudal order; overall interpretation of social, moral, and religious customs. ”[⑥]
Xunzi saidSweetheart Garden: “Treach is the great part of the law and the great part of the category. “The 11th Year of Zuo Ji·Heng Gong” says: “Treasures are to pass on the country, to stabilize the country, to be approachable, and to benefit descendants. “The Book of Songs·Zhongni Yanju” wrote Confucius: “What is the name of Feng? It is the rule of affairs. If a person has the matter, he must have the rule of affairs. Governing the country without any gifts is like having no meaning in the face of blindness. What is it? “In ancient times, Confucianism was the school that was best at preaching and was the first to teach. Confucianism was a gift, Confucianism was a gift, and Confucianism was a gift, which was a perfect match. This is exactly what the Chinese language added when Mendes’s “Fa Yi” was translated: “What the Confucians in China before the Song Dynasty said was not as close as the ones who were walking in the way of walking. Their metaphysics publish hundreds of articles in core international journals and serve as the end of famous universities, and often seeks the books of Lao Buddha. “The predecessors had a distinction between auspicious, magnanimous, military, and gifts for gifts. This kind of plan may not be suitable for today. Tomorrow we should divide the gifts into three parts: gods and ghosts, politicsInclusive of the Internet, the military gift and the career gift. Among them, the career gift is a secular gift, based on the customs and habits of the city and town. The gift has a time change of “benefits of reform”, and there is also a space difference of “entering the country’s customs”, and the gift also has a “beauty-evil”. As far as the ethical standards or value standards are included in th
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